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Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 and the Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF DEL &
THE ASSISTANT CHIEF EXECUTIVE LEGAL & GOVERNANCE
REPORT TO CABINET
13 SEPTEMBER 2006
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CLEAN NEIGHBOURHOODS & ENVIRONMENT ACT 2005
& THE ANTI SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR ACT 2003
1. Purpose
The purpose of this Report is to seek approval from Members to: -
Ø Authorise Officers to implement the provisions of the Clean Neighbourhoods & Environment Act 2005 [CNEA] and Sections 48 – 52 inclusive in the provisions of the Anti Social Behaviour Act 2003 [ASBA] and related legislation including the Environmental Protection Act, the Refuse (Disposal) Amenity Act 1978 and as described in Appendix 1 of this report.
Ø Authorise the Director of Environment & Regulatory Services to take appropriate action including the issuing of warning letters and the issuing of fixed penalty notices in respect of the removal of graffiti, litter, fly tipping, fly posting and abandoned vehicles.
Ø Authorise the Executive Director of Development, Environment & Leisure to take appropriate action including the issuing of warning letters and the issuing of fixed penalty notices in respect of the removal of graffiti, litter, fly tipping, fly posting and abandoned vehicles.
Ø Authorise the Executive Director for Neighbourhoods & Community Care [in respect of Sheffield Homes & Registered Social Landlords] to take appropriate action including the issuing of warning letters and issuing fixed penalty notices in respect of the removal of graffiti, litter, fly tipping and fly posting and abandoned vehicles where action in required in respect of Council tenants who are in breach of their tenancy agreement.
Ø The proposed level of Fixed Penalty Notices fines for offences under the CNEA as set out in Appendix 1 and Appendix 3.
Ø Allocate any net revenue generated from fines, after taking into account the cost of carrying out the enforcement action and legal proceedings, to the enforcement budget within the Cleaner Sheffield Strategy, subject to the outcome of “Your Council Your Say” consultation.
Ø To advertise the introduction of designated land in the City Centre shown on the map in Appendix 2 and listed in Section 2.12 making it an offence to distribute free literature in those zones.
Ø Authorise the Assistant Chief Executive Legal and Governance, the Executive Director of DEL and the Licensing Board to implement the specific measures under Section 23 of the CNEA and with respect to the distribution of free literature as set out in Appendix 3:
[a] The Licensing Board be given authority to:
[1] set reasonable fees to be paid on application for the Grant of Consent to recover the Council’s costs; and
[2] to specify the amount of fixed penalty fine to be levied by the Council in accordance with the appropriate provisions of the legislation.
[3] to designate land on receipt of a request that meets the standards required under the legislation and to revoke any such designation or amend any such designation;
[4] be given authority to grant or refuse any consent in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
[b] That the Assistant Chief Executive, Legal and Governance be given authority:
[1] to designate land on receipt of a request that meets the standards required under the legislation only if no objections are received by the Council.
[2] to grant an application for a Consent and impose such conditions as she considers necessary by reference to the nature of the application.
Ø Approve the CNEA Implementation Plan set out in Appendix 1.
2. Background
2.1 General Powers [CNEA]
On the 7 April 2005 the CNEA received royal assent. Some elements of the Act were introduced at intervals in 2005 but the main provisions of the Act came into force on 6 April 2006.
The Act introduces a range of powers improving and amending the existing legislative provisions for dealing with abandoned vehicles, litter and refuse, graffiti, fly posting, waste management, fly tipping, noise, dog control and new statutory nuisance powers. It signals the Government’s intention to tackle this type of anti social behaviour by introducing a range of stiffer penalties upon conviction.
2.2 Fixed Penalty Notices [CNEA]
Although the Council can seek the stiffer penalties through the Magistrates Court, in appropriate circumstances, one of the additional powers in the CNEA is the ability to issue fixed penalty notices for specific offences. It is proposed that fixed penalty notices issued by authorised Council officers, across the full spectrum of enviro-crime will be the preferred means of deterring offenders (except for larger volume flytipping offences). If an offender pays the fine, there are no further proceedings for the offence. Indeed, a prime purpose of the fine is to enable Councils to fine offenders quickly without having to resort to more time consuming and costly legal proceedings.
However, should this course of action be necessary, the Council will have 6 months to bring proceedings in the Magistrate’s Court.
In the first instance, a general softly softly approach will be adopted to ensure citizens are aware of the new powers, but after this initial friendly warning period, appropriate steps will be taken to tackle the worst offenders of enviro crime and anti-social behaviour, fixed penalty notices will then be issued and followed up by prosecutions if necessary.
However, should this course of action be necessary, the Council will have 6 months to bring proceedings in the Magistrate’s Court.
In the first instance, a general softly softly approach will be adopted to ensure citizens are aware of the new powers, but after this initial friendly warning period, appropriate steps will be taken to tackle the worst offenders of enviro crime and anti-social behaviour, fixed penalty notices will then be issued and followed up by prosecutions if necessary.
2.3 Level of Fines for Offences [CNEA]
The CNEA for the first time enables Local Authorities to set the level of Fixed Penalty Notice fines for specific offences, but any revenue generated by fixed penalties must be used for the purpose of its function. However, in the case of high performing Authorities such as Sheffield with a CPA Excellent Rating, receipts can be spent as they see fit. However, it is proposed that any net receipts from fines after recovering costs are reinvested in the enforcement functions subject to the outcome of “Your Council Your Say” consultation. The level of proposed fines is set out in Appendix 1.
2.4 Graffiti Removal Powers [ASBA]
It is now widely accepted that the look and feel of a neighbourhood sends out signals to the local communities. Poor local environmental quality leads to anti social behaviour so it is very important that graffiti is removed as quickly as possible to discourage further instances.
The graffiti removal notice provisions contained in the Anti Social Behaviour Act 2003 commenced in April 2006 and will enable the Council to serve graffiti removal notices on the owners of street furniture when they fail to clean it off themselves.
A minority of owners of street furniture are signatories to the Council’s Graffiti Charter and in the first instance proactive work is ongoing to pursue the remaining owners to sign up to the Charter. This is in line with the recommendations of the recently completed review carried out by the Successful Neighbourhoods Scrutiny and Policy Development Board. Therefore it is envisaged that powers under the Anti Social Behaviour Act in relation to graffiti on street furniture will be used infrequently and as a last resort. However, it is a valuable tool which may be necessary should the condition of a neighbourhood fall below acceptable standards.
The CNEA does not extend the powers to serve graffiti removal notices on owners of private property off highway, but it does extend the powers to issue fixed penalty notices on individuals who graffiti such private property and street furniture.
The CNEA does not extend the powers to serve graffiti removal notices on owners of private property off highway, but it does extend the powers to issue fixed penalty notices on individuals who graffiti such private property and street furniture.
2.5 Flyposting
In addition to issuing Fixed Penalty Notices to individuals who act unlawfully, consideration will be given to further action in respect of a review of any licence granted in respect of their premises. This is in accordance with the recommendation of the Successful Neighbourhoods Scrutiny & Policy Development Board as set out in Appendix 1.
2.6 Abandoned Vehicles
The new powers in the Refuse Disposal ( Amenity ) Act 1978 as amended by the CNEA enable the Council to issue fixed penalty notices for the removal of abandoned vehicles and gives the Council all possible assistance to achieve the relevant LPSA environmental target. The levels of fine are confirmed in Appendix 1.
2.7 Cars For Sale, Cars Under Repair & Wheelie Bins Left on the Highway
Fixed Penalty Notices in respect of vehicles for sale, vehicles under repair and wheelie bins left on the highway will not be issued without warning. In the first instance, warning letters will be issued for incidents of cars for sale and cars under repair before issuing Fixed Penalty Notices on the owners. Regarding wheelie bins, all residents will be given one month’s grace during a period of publicity to advise of the new powers available to the Council. For a further period of 6 months warning letters will be issued to householders, who leave wheelie bins on street later than 9.00am on the morning of the day after collection and there are at least 3 records of evidence of further incidents, when bins are left out, before issuing a Fixed Penalty Notice. This is considered to give adequate opportunity for householders to act responsibly but if they do not do so, following this 6 month period one warning letter only [in the form of a Section 46 notice which is the legal notice instructing the householder how to store their waste] will be sent prior to issuing Fixed Penalty Notices and fines set out in Appendix 1 pursued by prosecutions through the Courts if necessary. The wording for the Notices and letters will need to be carefully drafted to ensure compliance with legislation. Officers in DEL and Legal and Governance are in the process of drafting those.
2.8 Cleaner Sheffield Strategy
Enforcement is a key building block of the Cleaner Sheffield Strategy, which complements cleansing operations on the ground and education programmes. Whilst education programmes including the ongoing Wicked Waste Programme in schools and the “Bin-It” anti-litter campaign have changed the behaviour of some people, there remains a hard core of offenders who clearly continue to spoil the environment for everyone else in the city. Enforcement by way of fixed penalty notices or alternatively prosecutions is an effective option in deterring this hard core of offenders who so far have not changed their behaviour.
The Clean Neighbourhood & Environment Act gives a new legislative impetus to cleaning up the city’s neighbourhoods and improving the quality of life at a city-wide and local level.
The Act is not just about giving the Council extra tools to tackle fly tippers, litterers and graffiti vandals, it is about every householder working with the Council to make sure rubbish in general is dealt with properly and responsibly. For example under the “Duty of Care” regulations, which came into effect on 21 November 2005 it became the responsibility of householders to ensure that their waste is disposed of properly. It will no longer be a defence to say they paid someone to remove their rubbish unless they have ensured that the carrier is fully authorised by the Environment Agency.
Flytipping has developed into more of an industrial scale and there is evidence that in some instances, it is an organised crime activity. The Government has recognised its significance and increased the maximum fine to £50,000 and/5 years in prison for non hazardous waste.
2.9 Delegations to Council Services
It is proposed that delegated authority to implement the provisions within the CNEA and ASBA be granted to the Directors of Environment & Regulatory Services; Development Services; Street Force; Strategic & City Centre Services; & Parks and Countryside.
It is necessary to delegate authority to these Directors because the two acts cut across several service areas.
It is proposed that Directors will authorise their respective staff in the following sections, as appropriate, including: -
Ø Park Rangers
Ø Highway Co-ordination and Regulations
Ø Public Rights of Way
Ø City Centre Ambassadors
Ø Environmental Protection
Ø Street Force Customer Services
to implement the provisions of the CNEA & ASBA.
Appropriate training will be necessary to ensure this proposed wider empowerment is delivered consistently across the city.
2.10 Partner Organisations
The Cleaner Sheffield Strategy and the need to tackle and reduce enviro-crime is shared by all Council directorates and other city partners. In addition to officers in Environment and Regulatory Services, some other sections of the Council e.g. City Centre Ambassadors already issue fixed penalty notices for littering. Council tenants committing nuisance, including littering and fly posting, on the estates where they live are in breach of their conditions of tenancy and the Council acting via Sheffield Homes can take action against them. Sheffield Homes as part of its service review process is considering a more pro- active role for 50 Neighbourhood Wardens, working across Sheffield to take action in respect of littering and dog fouling.
The Cleaner Sheffield Strategy and the need to tackle and reduce enviro-crime is shared by all Council directorates and other city partners. In addition to officers in Environment and Regulatory Services, some other sections of the Council e.g. City Centre Ambassadors already issue fixed penalty notices for littering. Council tenants committing nuisance, including littering and fly posting, on the estates where they live are in breach of their conditions of tenancy and the Council acting via Sheffield Homes can take action against them. Sheffield Homes as part of its service review process is considering a more pro- active role for 50 Neighbourhood Wardens, working across Sheffield to take action in respect of littering and dog fouling.
The list of partner organisations from which it is proposed to seek assistance to enable the Council to issue fixed penalty notices under the provision of the CNEA and ASBA is below. The specific sections of the CNEA or ASBA to which delegated authority relates is set out in detail in Appendix 1: It is suggested that the delegation of these powers is to the Director of Environment & Regulatory Services who in conjunction with the Assistant Chief Executive, Legal & Governance & the Executive Director for Neighbourhoods & Community Care [in respect of Sheffield Homes & Registered Social Landlords], will liase with the organisational head of each city partner. This process will ensure flexibility and easier updating.
The list of potential partners/agencies include: -
Ø Sheffield Homes
Ø Registered Social Landlords
Ø Police Community Support Officers
Ø Police Officers
Ø Peak District National Park Authority
Ø Environment Agency
To achieve this wider approach, it is intended to provide appropriate training to ensure consistent standards are delivered across the city.
2.11 Phased Approach
In the first instance, advance publicity would be produced and distributed through the local media to ensure the general populace is aware of the new powers available to the Council to tackle enviro crime and anti social behaviour.
This would give people a general warning that: -
In the first instance, advance publicity would be produced and distributed through the local media to ensure the general populace is aware of the new powers available to the Council to tackle enviro crime and anti social behaviour.
This would give people a general warning that: -
Ø The new powers are available.
Ø Ideally the Council would prefer people to change their behaviour so that the powers become unnecessary.
Ø The powers will be used to tackle the minority of people who continue to perpetrate enviro crime and anti social behaviour.
In conjunction with this advance publicity, which will include communicating through schools using the Wicked Waste initiative the Council has conducted a questionnaire as part of its Your Council Your Say campaign. One of the questions relates to enforcement action in respect of litter and the results of the survey will inform the Council’s approach to the implementation of the powers under the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act accordingly.
The results of the survey will also inform the extent to which the Council authorises a range of its own services and partner organisations to issue fixed penalty notices and bring proceedings in the Magistrates Court. In the first instance, additional authorisation would be given to a range of Council services and the operational, financial and legal implications reviewed before extending authorisation to partner organisations.
This phased approach would broadly follow the following timetable:-
Phase 1 – General advance publicity about new powers early Autumn 2006 [and to continue communications through schools using the Wicked Waste initiative].
Phase 2 – Analyse results of Your Council Your Say questionnaire late Autumn 2006.
Phase 3 – Where not already authorised, authorisation of a range of Council services Autumn 2006 as set out in 2.9 informed by the questionnaire.
Phase 4 – Authorisation of a range of partner organisations Winter 2006/07 set out in 2.10 informed by a review after Phase 3.
2.12 Free Distribution of Printed Matter on Designated Land
The City Centre Management Team conducted a day time survey of a number of streets and squares in the heart of the city area week commencing 15 May 2006 and found in that week alone 16 different organisations were employing over 90 individuals who had been instructed to distribute over 20,000 leaflets equivalent to over 1,000,000 a year.
This survey was conducted to obtain an objective assessment of the problem on an arbitrary but typical week during the daytime. The situation in the city centre is clearly much worse following night time activities, particularly at weekends producing even greater accumulations of litter, which is visually unacceptable and makes for a very unwelcoming streetscene and public realm as many of the leaflets are simply discarded on the ground.
This leads to daily practical problems of clearing the residual litter so the city centre has acceptable levels of cleanliness to “open for business” the following morning.
The City Centre Management Team receives at least one public complaint every single day by either letter or telephone call, specifically about the littering problem caused by the distribution of free literature and/or aggressive issuing of it, when people simply want to be left alone and not pestered while going about their legitimate business.
Phase 2 – Analyse results of Your Council Your Say questionnaire late Autumn 2006.
Phase 3 – Where not already authorised, authorisation of a range of Council services Autumn 2006 as set out in 2.9 informed by the questionnaire.
Phase 4 – Authorisation of a range of partner organisations Winter 2006/07 set out in 2.10 informed by a review after Phase 3.
2.12 Free Distribution of Printed Matter on Designated Land
The City Centre Management Team conducted a day time survey of a number of streets and squares in the heart of the city area week commencing 15 May 2006 and found in that week alone 16 different organisations were employing over 90 individuals who had been instructed to distribute over 20,000 leaflets equivalent to over 1,000,000 a year.
This survey was conducted to obtain an objective assessment of the problem on an arbitrary but typical week during the daytime. The situation in the city centre is clearly much worse following night time activities, particularly at weekends producing even greater accumulations of litter, which is visually unacceptable and makes for a very unwelcoming streetscene and public realm as many of the leaflets are simply discarded on the ground.
This leads to daily practical problems of clearing the residual litter so the city centre has acceptable levels of cleanliness to “open for business” the following morning.
The City Centre Management Team receives at least one public complaint every single day by either letter or telephone call, specifically about the littering problem caused by the distribution of free literature and/or aggressive issuing of it, when people simply want to be left alone and not pestered while going about their legitimate business.
Under Section 23 of the CNEA it is possible to designate land and create declared zones where it becomes an offence to distribute certain printed matter without the Council’s consent. It also allows the authority to set fees where permission is granted. Therefore, it is proposed to issue fixed penalty notices in the declared zones unless express consent has been given by the Licensing Board for specified organisations to do so subject to appropriate conditions.
In the first instance, it is proposed that the following areas in the City Centre, shown on the map in Appendix 2, are designated: -
Ø High Street
Ø Fargate
Ø Heart of the City
Ø Barkers Pool
Ø Howard Street
Ø Division Street
Ø Devonshire Street
Ø West Street
Ø The Moor
Ø Norfolk Street
Ø Surrey Street
Ø Chapel Walk
The designation of the land will be subject to publication of notice of an intention to do so and consultation as described in more detail in Appendix 3 of the report. The areas identified will also be clearly identified on a map showing the designated area.
If the proposals in respect of the designated land are approved by the Licensing Board,
it may be possible to give certain responsible organisations consent to distribute free literature in the declared zones and it may also be necessary to declare additional zones in the City Centre or other parts of the city, in which case it is proposed that consents and additional designated land is dealt with in accordance with Appendix 3 attached.
There are two offences under the legislation – one of distributing printed matter where there is knowledge that this is in designated land and a second offence of causing distribution where knowledge of designation is not required but there is an available defence of taking reasonable steps to ensure distribution did not take place on designated land.
2.13 Other Issues
Proposals in respect of the following issues will be included in separate Cabinet reports for the control of: -
Ø Dog Control Orders
Proposals in respect of the following issues will be included in separate Cabinet reports for the control of: -
Ø Dog Control Orders
Ø Noise Pollution from house alarms
Ø Alleygating
2.14 Resources
Any action to tackle enviro-crime and anti-social behaviour under the new powers in the Clean Neighbourhood and Environment Act will be implemented by using existing teams already in place in Council service areas and partner organisations. It is not
proposed to deploy additional teams of enforcement officers in the first instance but to bring about improvements by joint working and authorising a range of existing teams to have the necessary delegated authority to issue fixed penalty notices.
proposed to deploy additional teams of enforcement officers in the first instance but to bring about improvements by joint working and authorising a range of existing teams to have the necessary delegated authority to issue fixed penalty notices.
2.15 Level of Fixed Penalty Notice Fines
It is proposed that the level of Fixed Penalty Notice Fines are introduced as set out in Appendix 1 when approved by Council.
The fines in Appendix 1 have been recommended by officers taking into account the effective recovery of fines, their deterrent value and the range of fine permitted in the Regulations.
3. Proposals
The Cabinet is recommended to: -
Ø Authorise Officers to implement the provisions of the Clean Neighbourhoods & Environment Act 2005 [CNEA] & Sections 48-52 inclusive in the provision of the Anti Social Behaviour Act 2003 [ASBA] and related legislation including the Environmental Protection Act 1990, the Refuse Disposal (Amenity) Act 1978 and as set out in Appendix 1 of this report.
Ø Authorise the Director of Environment & Regulatory Services to take appropriate action including the issuing of warning letters and the issuing of fixed penalty notices in respect of the removal of graffiti, litter, fly tipping and fly posting and abandoned vehicles.
Ø Authorise the Executive Director of Development, Environment & Leisure to take appropriate action including the issuing of fixed penalty notices in respect of the removal of graffiti, litter, fly tipping and fly posting and abandoned vehicles.
Ø Authorise the Executive Director for Neighbourhoods & Community Care (in respect of Sheffield Homes and Registered Social Landlords) to take appropriate action including the issuing of warning letters and fixed penalty notices in respect of the removal of graffiti, litter, fly tipping and fly posting and abandoned vehicles.
Ø Approve the level of fines for offences in accordance with the arrangements set out in Appendix 1 and in accordance with the CNEA.
Ø Authorise the allocation of net revenue generated from fines, after taking into account the cost of carrying out the enforcement action and legal proceedings ,to the enforcement budget within the Cleaner Sheffield Strategy, subject to the outcome of “Your Council Your Say” consultation.
Ø To advertise the introduction of declared zones in the City Centre shown on the map in Appendix 2 and listed in Section 2.12 making it an offence to distribute free literature in those zones.
Ø Authorise the Assistant Chief Executive, Legal & Governance, the Executive Director of DEL and the Licensing Board to implement the specific measures under Section 23 of the CNEA with respect to the distribution of free literature as set out in Appendix 3:
[a] The Licensing Board be given authority to:
[1] set reasonable fees to be paid on application for the Grant of Consent to recover the Council’s costs; and
[2] to specify the amount of fixed penalty fine to be levied by the Council in accordance with the appropriate provisions of the legislation to revoke any such designation or amend any such designation;
[3] be given authority to grant or refuse any consent in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
[4] to designate land to restrict the distribution of printed matter in accordance with Section 23 of the CNEA.
[b] That the Assistant Chief Executive, Legal and Governance be given authority:
[1] to designate land on receipt of a request subject to the production of evidence that meets the standards required under the legislation only if no objections are received by the Council.
[2] to grant an application for a Consent and impose such conditions as she may consider appropriate by reference to the nature of the application.
Ø Approve the CNEA Implementation Plan set out in Appendix .
4. Financial Implications
There are no financial implications arising from the enforcement of the relevant sections of the Clean Neighbourhoods & Environment Act 2005 and Sections 48 – 52 inclusive of the Anti Social Behaviour Act 2003 will be carried out by existing teams. The costs of Legal proceedings will be judged on a "case by case" basis including the prospect of recovery of costs.
Any surplus revenue generated from Fixed Penalty Notice fines will be reinvested back into the enforcement budget within the Cleaner Sheffield Strategy. However, any surplus is likely to be small taking into account the cost of processing the FPNs and any follow-up prosecutions.
If experience of implementing the new CNEA powers demonstrates a need to increase resources, this will be picked up as part of the 2007/08 Revenue Budget setting process.
If experience of implementing the new CNEA powers demonstrates a need to increase resources, this will be picked up as part of the 2007/08 Revenue Budget setting process.
5. Equality Implications
Enforcement action will be carried out equitably in all areas of the city and in accordance with the law. However, some areas will be affected more than others and the level of enforcement will be monitored closely to assess the impact.
6. Area Panel Implications
All Area Panels will be treated the same ie. enforcement action will be carried out equitably in accordance with the law. However, some areas will need a greater level of activity to suit local needs.
7. Environmental Implications
The new powers in the Acts improves existing legislation and will help to tackle a range of environmental crimes and anti social behaviour by introducing stiffer Fixed Penalty Notices fines as set out in the Implementation Plan in Appendix 1.
8. Community Safety
The work to deliver the CNEA Implementation Plan set out in Appendix 1 links with the Crime and Disorder and Environmental Strategies and the Anti Social Behaviour and Respect Action Plans. It will help to tackle enviro crime and anti social behaviour and in so doing improve the look and feel of the city’s built and natural environment, which is very important to reassure residents that their respective neighbourhoods look welcoming and feel safe.
When the Single Non Emergency Number has been in operation for some time and the project develops, it should be possible to use intelligence information to help inform targeted enforcement action in neighbourhood hot spots.
The work to deliver the CNEA Implementation Plan set out in Appendix 1 links with the Crime and Disorder and Environmental Strategies and the Anti Social Behaviour and Respect Action Plans. It will help to tackle enviro crime and anti social behaviour and in so doing improve the look and feel of the city’s built and natural environment, which is very important to reassure residents that their respective neighbourhoods look welcoming and feel safe.
When the Single Non Emergency Number has been in operation for some time and the project develops, it should be possible to use intelligence information to help inform targeted enforcement action in neighbourhood hot spots.
9. Recommendations
It is recommended that Members approve the proposals set out in Section 3 of this Report.
John Mothersole Liz Bashforth
Executive Director Assistant Chief Executive
Development, Environment & Leisure Legal & Governance
Downloads
This is a document containing Appendix 1 to the report relating to the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 and the Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 (118 KB)
This is a document containing Appendix 2 to the report relating to the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 and the Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 (707 KB)
This is a document containing Appendix 3 to the report relating to the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 and the Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 (50 KB)
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